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Odds of a dimpled die, out of 10,000 tosses, using a Markov Chain model. This page contains a complete list of all possible Fair Dice. First off, objects which are ISOHEDRAL are fair. To be isohedral, each face must have the same relationship with all other faces, and each face must have the same relationship with the center of gravity. Thus, each object has a Group structure (a Group Theory topic). Using Group Theory and Euler's formula (Vertices + Faces - Edges = 2), it can be proven that the following list contains all possible isohedra. An interactive version of this page is at the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics. A good explanation of the math behind all this can be found at Klaus Æ. Mogensen's website.
It is important to fully understand the details behind the games we play and the odds and probabilities. Now that you can play dice games online, understanding the odds becomes a software issue. There is a big difference between playing online roulette and roulette at a table. Either way by studying the game you will always get the best results.
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Regular Tetrahedron |
Isosceles Tetrahedron |
Scalene Tetrahedron |
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Cube |
Octahedron |
Regular Dodecahedron |
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Octahedral Pentagonal Dodecahedron |
Tetragonal Pentagonal Dodecahedron |
Rhombic Dodecahedron |
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Trapezoidal Dodecahedron |
Triakis Tetrahedron |
Regular Icosahedron |
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Hexakis Tetrahedron |
Tetrakis Hexahedron |
Triakis Octahedron |
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Trapezoidal Icositetrahedron |
Pentagonal Icositetrahedron |
Dyakis Dodecahedron |
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Rhombic Triacontahedron |
Hexakis Octahedron |
Triakis Icosahedron |
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Pentakis Dodecahedron |
Trapezoidal Hexecontahedron |
Pentagonal Hexecontahedron |
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Hexakis Icosahedron 120 sides |
Triangular Dihedron Move points up/down - 4N sides |
Basic Triangular Dihedron 2N sides |
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Trigonal Trapezohedron Asymmetrical sides -- 2N Sides |
Basic Trigonal Trapezohedron Sides have symmetry -- 2N Sides |
Triangular Dihedron Move points in/out - 4N sides |
Note to gaming companies: I'd love to see someone make the exotic dice in the list above. It would be the best gambling game since Texas Hold'em poker. Imagine the odds.
Can a non-isohedral fair die exist? Consider a pyramid
made from 4 isosceles triangles and a square. If the pyramid is short
and fat, the square face will be landed upon more than a fifth of the time.
If the pyramid is tall and thin the square face will be landed upon less
than a fifth of the time. Is there a height where the square face
will be landed upon exactly one fifth of the time???
Yes, for a given set of conditions. If you knew
the height, force, elasticity, and throwing method, you could find the
right height. However, once the conditions changed, the die would
no longer be fair. (NOTE: I have a strong argument for this,
but no proof.)
If you find the polyhedrons above interesting, you're bound to enjoy the Pavilion of Polyhedreality by George Hart.
There are 6 regular 4-dimensional object. Peek
is a fascinating and very pretty piece of software that allows looking
at 3-D cross-sections of complex 4-D objects. The pictures are beautiful!